Microfluidics offers a number of advantages over larger-scale experiments for example, the small volumes of sample required for experiments open a number of avenues for sample collection that are accessible to the aerosol community. Where appropriate, the basic operating conditions and tunable parameters in microfluidics will be compared to typical aerosol experimental methods. This review will summarize selected microfluidic concepts and tools with potential applications to aerosol science. Despite wide-ranging uses, this powerful research platform remains under-utilized by the atmospheric aerosol science community. P = pressure application with pump SI = Sample inlet chamber SPE = Solid-phase extraction domain MB = Magnetic beads chamber LB = Lysis buffer reservoir WB = Washing buffer reservoir EB = Elution buffer reservoir SO = Eluted sample outlet W = Waste chamber.Microfluidics is used in a broad range of applications, from biology and medicine to chemistry and polymer science, because this versatile platform enables rapid and precise repeatability of measurements and experiments on a relatively low-cost laboratory platform. These devices generally manage the sample by changing speed and sense of rotation: a particular example of a LOD is represented by LabDisk analyzer which implements an automated lyse-bind-wash-elute protocol by means of a gas-phase transition magnetophoresis principle, which combines magnetic and centrifugal forces to carry NA-complexed magnetic beads through the separation liquid/gas interfaces between each reaction chamber. This principle is applied in traditional rectangular LOCs and in LOD systems. Both types, mostly based on a magnetic beads extraction or, less commonly, on silica filtration, are developed onto a rotating platform where sample and reagents motion is enabled by centrifugal and related forces (Coriolis and Euler) that, usually in combination with pneumatic forces, handle the fluidic system and enable sample processing. Schematization of ( A) centrifugal and ( B) lab-on-a-disk microfluidic systems. I = Sample or reagents inlet O = Sample outlet SPE = Solid-phase extraction domain W = Waste chamber PCR = Amplification chamber E = Electrodes V = Valves M = Mixing or lysis chamber. Generally, complex chips allow a whole sample treatment, from the lysis, the NA extraction with the development of various extraction techniques and, in some cases, the sample post-processing. ( E) Chip with a multi-domain design: each step of the sample processing is managed by valve activation. ( D) Chip with electrokinetic motion: sample and pre-stored reagents are driven by voltage modulation into the extraction and amplification domains. Flux direction can be modulated at each phase by pressure application. ( C) Chip with a main microchannel and a side arm: sample and reagents are loaded in separate steps through different ports. ( B) Chip with a coil-shaped microchannel: the extraction domain is composed of a long microchannel with an increased surface/volume ratio of the adsorbent matrix packed inside it. The extraction domain consists of a part of microchannel with a packed adsorbent matrix polymerized inside it. ( A) Chip with a simple linear structure: the main flux circulation is driven into a single microchannel through an inlet and an outlet port. Schematization of chip structures from a simpler to a more complex design. LOC SPE lab-on-chip microfluidics nucleic acid extraction solid-phase extraction. It mainly focuses on LOC implementation aspects, aiming to describe a detailed panorama of strategies implemented for different human raw sample preparations. This review presents an overview of existing lab-on-a-chip (LOC) solutions designed to provide automated NA extraction from human raw biological fluids, such as whole blood, excreta (urine and feces), saliva. In this context, the integration within the chip of the sample preparation phase is crucial to leverage the promise of portable, fast, user-friendly and economic point-of-care solutions. Microfluidic devices have been developed to analyze NA samples with high efficacy and sensitivity. Typically, this process needs molecular biology facilities, specialized instrumentation and labor-intensive operations. Multiple steps are involved in NA collection from raw samples, including cell separation from the rest of the specimen, cell lysis, NA isolation and release. It aims at preparing samples for its application with biomolecular technologies such as isothermal and non-isothermal amplification, hybridization, electrophoresis, Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing. Nucleic acid (NA) extraction is a basic step for genetic analysis, from scientific research to diagnostic and forensic applications.
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